Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development
type: channel
description: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development (AJPRD) is a new online international journal allowing free unlimited access to abstract and Full text. The journal is devoted to the promotion of pharmaceutical sciences and related disciplines. It seeks particularly (but not exclusively) to encourage pharmaceutical and allied research of tropical relevance and to foster multidisciplinary research and collaboration among scientists, the pharmaceutical industry and health the health care professionals. It will also provide an international plate form for the communication and evaluation of data, methods and findings in pharmaceutical sciences and related disciplines. Although primarily devoted to original research papers, the journal welcomes reviews on current topics of special interest and relevance.
publisher: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development
language: en-US
publication name: Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development
issn: 2320-4850
copyright: AUTHORS WHO PUBLISH WITH THIS JOURNAL AGREE TO THE FOLLOWING TERMS: Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 Unported License. that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
items: Evolution of Ethosomes In Pharmaceutical Sciences: From Basic Vesicles To Advanced Nanocarrier Systems
items: Multi-Dimensional Ayurvedic Management of Psoriasis Complicated With Arthritis – Acase Study
items: Polymeric Nanosponges for Improving the Solubility of Enzalutamide: Design and Characterization
items: 3D Printing In Novel Drug, Dosage Forms
items: KAP Study on OTC Drugs and Drugs Abuse Among Community
items: A Review Article on “Organ-on-a-Chip Platforms: A Novel Approach for Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery”
items: A Comprehensive Review on SNEEDS: A Simple Tool to Enhance Drug Solubility
items: Microneedle-Assisted Drug Delivery: Minimally Invasive Approach for Transdermal Therapeutics
items: Pharmaceutical Perspectives on Direct Compression: Formulation and Evaluation of Antidiabetic Tablets
items: Emerging Innovations in Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery and Formulation Technologies: Current Advances, Clinical Relevance and Future Perspectives
items: AI-Driven Pharmacovigilance: Advances in Adverse Drug Reaction Detection and Signal Management - A Review
items: An Overview of Regulatory Authorities in Pharmaceutical’s
items: Quality by Design Approach in Pharmaceutical
items: A Comprehensive Review on Topical Treatment Strategies for Tinea Pedis: Formulation Approaches and Clinical Outcomes
items: Artificial Intelligence Assisted Design and Optimization of Nanosponges for Targeted Drug Delivery
items: Nanoparticles in Targeted Drug Delivery System
items: Comprehensive Review on Hydrogel as Advanced Platform for Novel Drug Delivery Systems
items: Comparison of low and high Sodium and Potassium content in ORS by Flame Emission Spectroscopy
items: In Situ Mucoadhesive Nasal Gel: A Novel Approach for Enhanced Drug Delivery
items: Nanosponge Innovations: Revolutionizing Targeted Drug Delivery
items: Pharmacochemical Insights of Pedalium Murex L. With Emphasis on Recent Formulations, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
items: Tin Oxide (SnO₂) Nanoparticles in Modern Medicine: Development, Standardization, and Therapeutic Applications
items: Solid Dispersion Approaches for Clozapine Solubility Enhancement: A Comparative Review of Solvent Evaporation and Melt Fusion Methods
items: Pharmacological Considerations in Vaccination: Age-Specific Strategies for Pediatric and Geriatric Populations
items: A Review on AQBD-Based RP-HPLC Method Development for Simultaneous Quantification of Domperidone and Naproxen Sodium in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
items: Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablets: Formulation Strategies, Evaluation Parameters, Marketed Products, and Future Prospects
items: Polymeric Nanosponges: A Promising Platform for Improving Roflumilast Solubility
items: Novel Mucoadhesive Film Forming Spray Systems: Mechanism, Formulation Approaches and Therapeutic Perspectives
items: Development of Sustained Release Matrix Tablets of Metformin Using Natural Gums as Release Retardants
items: Formulation of Fenugreek-Based Nutritional Jelly to Enhance Paediatric Appetite
items: Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Face Serum
items: Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Levetiracetam Transdermal Patches
items: Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Anti-Tanning Soap
items: Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Metformin Hydrochloride, Linagliptin and Dapagliflozin in Synthetic Mixture
items: Formulation and Evaluation of Nicotine Polacrilex Chewable Tablets by Direct Compression
items: Development and Optimization of Liquisolid Compact Tablet of Ebastine
items: In Silico Evaluation of Diterpenoids from Jatropha curcas Roots as Potential HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors for Hyperlipidemia Management
items: An Air Purifying Herbal Mosquito Repellent Candle with Stress Relief Activity
items: Formulation Development and Evaluation of Transdermal Patches of Diclofenac sodium as a Analgesics
items: Functional and Mechanistic Insights into Natural Pharmaceutical Excipients
items: Preparation and Evaluation of a Poly-herbal Sheet Mask for Enhanced Skin Care Applications
items: Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Anti-Sweat Roll on for Summer
items: Formulation and Evaluation of Spirulina and Charcoal Peel off Mask
items: Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Face Pack
items: Enhancing Furosemide Bioavailability Using Liquisolid Compacts With Mixed Solvency Approach
items: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Mental Health Outcomes in Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
items: Prevalence of Text Neck Syndrome and Smartphone Addiction among Undergraduate Health Sciences Students: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study

Evolution of Ethosomes In Pharmaceutical Sciences: From Basic Vesicles To Advanced Nanocarrier Systems
type: item
description: Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) have emerged as an effective alternative to conventional drug administration by overcoming limitations such as poor bioavailability, gastrointestinal degradation, and hepatic first-pass metabolism. Among various vesicular carriers, ethosomes have gained significant attention due to their superior ability to enhance drug permeation through the skin. Ethosomes are soft, flexible phospholipid vesicles containing high concentrations of ethanol, which increase membrane fluidity and disrupt the lipid organization of the stratum corneum, facilitating deeper skin penetration. They can efficiently encapsulate hydrophilic, lipophilic, and amphiphilic drugs, enabling controlled and sustained drug release with improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Since their introduction by Touitou and co-workers in the late 1990s, ethosomes have been extensively investigated for the delivery of anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, hormonal, anticancer, and peptide-based therapeutics. This review highlights the history, composition, mechanism of skin penetration, methods of preparation, characterization techniques, advantages, limitations, and diverse pharmaceutical applications of ethosomes. Recent advancements, including Nanoethosomes, ligand-modified systems, and integration with hydrogels and microneedles, have further expanded their potential in targeted and personalized drug delivery. Overall, ethosomes represent a promising and versatile carrier system for enhanced transdermal and topical therapy.
creator: Salunke Harshada
creator: Dr.Hangargekar Sachin
creator: Ankita Gadhave
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Salunke Harshada, Dr.Hangargekar Sachin, Ankita Gadhave http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 357
ending page: 366
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1807

Multi-Dimensional Ayurvedic Management of Psoriasis Complicated With Arthritis – Acase Study
type: item
description: Background: Psoriatic arthritis (PsA), a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory immune-mediated disease characterized by musculoskeletal inflammation, generally occurs in patients with psoriasis.Conventional treatments such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biologic agents aim to alleviate symptoms and prevent joint damage. However, these treatments may have limitations such as side effects or inadequate control of symptoms in some patients. Psoriatic arthritis simulates Ayurvedic descriptions of the clinical syndrome - Vatarakta. The treatment principle focuses on controlling inflammation of affected joints to prevent joint pain and further disability. Brief case report: A 50-year-old female patient arrived to P D Patel Ayurveda hospital in Nadiad with a clinical diagnosis of Psoriatic arthritis. She was having blackish-red discolouration and itching all over body from last 3 years; pain and stiffness in all joints mainly in interphalangeal joints and various complaints from last 4 months. She wasunder modern medicaments but she could not get any satisfactory relief. So, the patient came for ayurvedic treatment which commenced with vardhamana pippali rasayanpra yoga and svedanakarma followed by virechankarma, pathyadibasti, raktamokshna karma and then after oral Ayurvedic medications viz., manjisthadikwatha, kaishoraguggulu, haridrakhanda, lelitakamakshik, simhnadaguggulu. Outcome: Itching, discoloration, pain, stiffness, insomnia, and other symptoms were reduced by 70–80% after five weeks of IPD treatment and six months of OPD treatment. The outcomes were positive. Conclusion: Positive result in the present case highlights the potential of multi-dimensionalayurveda treatment in managing Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and will help to generate the hypothesis for further research.
creator: Bhoomi N. Prajapati
creator: Dr. Meghana Chaudhari
creator: Dr. Dharmishtha K. Garod
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Bhoomi N. Prajapati, Dr. Meghana Chaudhari, Dr. Dharmishtha K. Garod http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 341
ending page: 346
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1794

Polymeric Nanosponges for Improving the Solubility of Enzalutamide: Design and Characterization
type: item
description: Despite being clinically efficacious as an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist in the treatment of CRPC, Enzalutamide (ENZ) is classified as Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II drug owing to its high membrane permeability and poor aqueous solubility (about 3 µg/mL at physiological pH). These physicochemical properties make enzalutamide less dissolvable and orally bioavailable when formulated inadequately. Therefore, there exists an urgent need to develop novel strategies of drug delivery that address the dissolution problem and enhance the efficacy of the drug. NS refer to a relatively new category of three-dimensional porous polymer-based nano-materials that have ability to incorporate hydrophobic drugs inside their cavity using mechanisms of complexation, adsorption, and physical incorporation. Nanosponges are designed to enhance the aqueous solubility of crystalline drugs by transforming them to amorphous forms, enlarging their surface area exposed to dissolution medium, enhancing wettability of the drug molecules, and facilitating sustained release.The fabrication of nanosponges is carried out using polymers like cyclodextrin derivatives, ethyl cellulose, Eudragit, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, which are crosslinked with cross-linking materials like diphenyl carbonate, pyromelliticdianhydride, carbonyldiimidazole. The crucial aspects of nanoparticle characterization like particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and in vitro drug release profiles have been critically analyzed in this review. Additionally, the mechanisms behind the improvement of the solubility of drugs, the advancements made in nanocarriers for enzalutamide, their applications in oral and targeted anticancer drug delivery, and the translational issues to be addressed before their application in humans have been highlighted in this review. It is evident from this review that nanosponge carrier…
creator: Kapil Jibhau More
creator: Yogesh P. Sharma
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Kapil Jibhau More, Yogesh P. Sharma http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 397
ending page: 409

3D Printing In Novel Drug, Dosage Forms
type: item
description: 3D printing is a modern way of making things by adding materials layers by layer from digital designs. It is used in many areas like making automobiles, pharmaceutical industry. In medicines it helps create personalized drugs and medical devices, such as implant and different forms of medicine that fit individual needs. The first 3D printing was approved in ‘‘2015”. Which opened new possibilities for making complex medicines that release drugs in a controlled way and allow personal dosing. However, there are still challenges to solve, including technical problems and rules to follow before this technology can be widely used in healthcare. Once these challenges are met, 3D printing can help provide more personalized care for patients. This review explains the common 3D printing methods used in making medicines and medical devices, including examples of drugs made with this technology that are still being developed or are already available. Overall, 3D printing shows great potential to change how medicines and healthcare products are made by allowing for customization, faster production, and creating new types of treatments, improving healthcare for people.
creator: Shaistha Khanam
creator: Shivani Chandra Jadhav
creator: Marikatti Parimala
creator: Kore Prabhakаr
creator: Nagula Jashwanth
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Shaistha Khanam, Shivani Chandra Jadhav, Marikatti Parimala, Kore Prabhakаr, Nagula Jashwanth http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 367
ending page: 372
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1808

KAP Study on OTC Drugs and Drugs Abuse Among Community
type: item
description: This study, titled “KAP Study on OTC Drugs and OTC Drug Abuse Among Community,” aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding the use and misuse of over-the-counter (OTC) drugs among 200 community participants using a structured questionnaire. The findings showed that although many participants understood that OTC drugs can be purchased without a prescription, awareness about their risks and adverse effects was limited. Unsafe practices such as self-medication and improper use were observed, with easy availability and lack of awareness contributing to misuse. The study emphasizes the need for public awareness, stronger regulations, and greater involvement of healthcare professionals to promote safe and rational use of OTC medications.
creator: Bhagat Amruta Baban Kumawat
creator: Patil Shreeyash Jaywant
creator: Shinde Priya
creator: Junghare Kiran
creator: Patil Sheetal
creator: Deshmukh Sampada
creator: Sapkal Akanksha
creator: Pawar Pranav
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Bhagat Amruta Baban Kumawat, Patil Shreeyash Jaywant, Shinde Priya, Junghare Kiran, Patil Sheetal, Deshmukh Sampada, Sapkal Akanksha, Pawar Pranav http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 381
ending page: 388
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1828

A Review Article on “Organ-on-a-Chip Platforms: A Novel Approach for Disease Modeling and Drug Discovery”
type: item
description: ABSTRACT: An innovative method that addresses the drawbacks of conventional two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures and animal models in biomedical research is organ-on-a-chip (OoC) technology. The intricate microenvironment of human tissues cannot be replicated by conventional methods, and using animals for research is expensive, time-consuming, and unethical. OoC devices, sometimes referred to as microphysiological systems, mimic physiological circumstances such fluid flow, mechanical stresses, and biochemical gradients by combining microfluidics with three-dimensional (3D) tissue engineering. The biocompatibility, transparency, and affordability of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) make it a common manufacturing material. High-throughput drug testing, quick analysis, and improved tissue microenvironment representation are some benefits of OoC systems. Their promise in drug screening and illness modeling is demonstrated by applications such as kidney-on-a-chip and heart-on-a-chip. Notwithstanding obstacles such surface effects and fluid mixing restrictions, OoC technology offers a viable, moral, and effective substitute for developing individualized medication and enhancing the results of scientific research.
creator: Mohammed shariq
creator: Zeenath fatima
creator: Asna sabahath
creator: Veeragoni jayadev
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammed shariq, Zeenath fatima, Asna sabahath, Veeragoni jayadev http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 410
ending page: 412
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1813

A Comprehensive Review on SNEEDS: A Simple Tool to Enhance Drug Solubility
type: item
description: Many new and current therapeutic compounds still face significant obstacles in their oral delivery due to poor solubility in water, due to this there is poor dissolution, ineffective absorption, and low bioavailability. One of the most promising lipid-based technologies among the different formulation techniques investigated to overcome these constraints is Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SNEDDS). SNEDDS is mixtures of oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants. when this exposed to gastrointestinal fluids it rapidly and spontaneously undergo nanoemulsification, producing ultra-fine droplets that maintain the solubility of lipophilic medications. This review offers a thorough overview of SNEDDS, covering their underlying mechanisms, formulation components, physicochemical factors controlling self-emulsification, and selection criteria for appropriate drug candidates. The importance of pseudoternary phase diagrams in optimizing compositions, the wide range of approaches to characterization that determine their structural and functional performance and both traditional and sophisticated methods for SNEDDS preparation are all summarized in the article. The review also discusses the current issues with scale-up, stability, and clinical translation, as well as the benefits, drawbacks, and broad pharmaceutical applications of both liquid and solid SNEDDS. So these is versatile platform to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of poorly water-soluble medications can be seen by emerging trends in computational modeling, quality-by-design techniques, and alternative administration routes.
creator: Virkhare A Shrirang
creator: Dr. Shrikant D. Pande
creator: Dr.Nishan N. Bobade
creator: Dr. Vikrant Wankahde
creator: Abhishek D. Mankar
creator: Ishika Bijore
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Virkhare A Shrirang, Dr. Shrikant D. Pande, Dr.Nishan N. Bobade, Dr. Vikrant Wankahde, Abhishek D. Mankar, Ishika Bijore http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 163
ending page: 172
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1775

Microneedle-Assisted Drug Delivery: Minimally Invasive Approach for Transdermal Therapeutics
type: item
description: Microneedle-assisted drug delivery has emerged as a promising advancement in transdermal therapeutic systems, addressing the limitations of conventional oral, injectable, and topical routes. Traditional transdermal drug delivery systems are restricted by the skin’s outermost barrier, the stratum corneum, which limits the permeation of most drugs, particularly macromolecules such as proteins and peptides. Microneedles, typically ranging from 50 to 900 µm in length, overcome this barrier by creating transient microchannels in the skin, enabling painless and minimally invasive drug delivery without reaching dermal nerves. This review provides a comprehensive overview of microneedle technology, including skin anatomy, types of microneedles, materials used, fabrication techniques, and mechanisms of drug delivery. Various microneedle systems-such as solid, coated, dissolving, hollow, and hydrogel-forming-offer diverse strategies for controlled and targeted drug administration. Materials ranging from metals and silicon to polymers and carbohydrates significantly influence performance, biocompatibility, and scalability. Microneedles have demonstrated wide-ranging applications in vaccine delivery, diabetes management, cancer therapy, pain management, dermatology, and the delivery of proteins, peptides, and genetic materials. Key advantages include improved patient compliance, avoidance of first-pass metabolism, enhanced drug permeation, and reduced risk of needle-stick injuries. However, challenges such as limited drug loading, mechanical strength issues, manufacturing complexity, and regulatory barriers remain. Recent advances, including smart stimuli-responsive systems, biosensor integration, 3D printing, and AI-based optimization, have further expanded the potential of microneedles. Despite existing limitations, microneedle technology holds significant promise for future healthcare, particularly in personalized medicine, wearable drug delivery, and global vaccination stra…
creator: Pratiksha Ramdas Bij
creator: Aakanksha Andani Gaikwad
creator: Ashwini Buddhiwan Hiwale
creator: Anusha C K
creator: Ganavi Maheshappa Halageri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pratiksha Ramdas Bij, Aakanksha Andani Gaikwad, Ashwini Buddhiwan Hiwale, Anusha C K, Ganavi Maheshappa Halageri http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 205
ending page: 215

Pharmaceutical Perspectives on Direct Compression: Formulation and Evaluation of Antidiabetic Tablets
type: item
description: Diabetes Mellitus is one of the chronic diseases that require lifetime treatment through drug therapy. Oral solid dosage forms such as tablets still form a bulk of the drug market due to the convenience, stability, and efficiency associated with them. There are various techniques used in tablet formulation. However, direct compression remains one of the most promising methods used for the production of antidiabetic drugs owing to its simplicity and cost-effectiveness as well as fewer processes involved in it. This paper aims at exploring some of the aspects of the direct compression of pharmaceutical products with special emphasis on antidiabetic drugs' formulations. The classification of drugs as well as the biopharmaceutical aspects of antidiabetic drugs (such as solubility and permeability according to Biopharmaceutics Classification System) is explained.Besides, powder blending, manufacturing of antidiabetic tablets, powder blend evaluation and evaluation of finished tablets as well as their quality attributes are discussed in detail. Other topics covered include recent developments in direct compression, such as use of co-processed excipients, nanotechnology and AI-based optimization. the current regulatory guidance and Quality by Design approach are emphasized.
creator: Masira Maksudali Saiyyad
creator: Dr. Deepak D. Sonawane
creator: Abdul Kalam
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Masira Maksudali Saiyyad, Dr. Deepak D. Sonawane, Abdul Kalam http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 242
ending page: 249
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1786

Emerging Innovations in Pharmaceutical Drug Delivery and Formulation Technologies: Current Advances, Clinical Relevance and Future Perspectives
type: item
description: Pharmaceutical sciences have undergone remarkable transformation over the past decade due to advances in formulation development, excipient engineering, nanotechnology, analytical techniques, digital healthcare, and regulatory sciences. The increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, antimicrobial resistance, patient-specific therapeutic requirements, and demand for improved healthcare outcomes has accelerated innovation in pharmaceutical technology. Traditional dosage forms often face limitations such as poor aqueous solubility, inadequate bioavailability, instability, limited permeability, and poor patient adherence. These limitations have encouraged the development of advanced oral delivery systems, transdermal formulations, nanotechnology-based carriers, and multifunctional excipient platforms. Recent pharmaceutical innovation has focused on improving therapeutic effectiveness while simplifying administration and enhancing patient convenience. Fast dissolving tablets, gastro-retentive systems, solid dispersions, microneedles, vesicular delivery systems, and nanocrystal formulations have demonstrated substantial clinical and industrial relevance. Simultaneously, advances in analytical method development and validation have improved product quality, regulatory compliance, and stability assessment. Artificial intelligence has emerged as a transformative tool in pharmaceutical research and healthcare practice, contributing to drug discovery, precision medicine, and digital pharmacovigilance. In parallel, growing attention to pharmacovigilance and materiovigilance has strengthened post-marketing safety monitoring and regulatory decision-making. This review comprehensively discusses recent innovations in pharmaceutical drug delivery and formulation technologies, including oral delivery systems, excipient engineering, transdermal technologies, nanotechnology, analytical science, digital transformation, safety monitoring, and future pharmaceutical trends. Emphasis is pla…
creator: Amar M. Raval
creator: Fayeja M. Zankhwala
creator: Pratiksha C Chandragirivar
creator: Rakesh S A
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Amar M. Raval, Fayeja M. Zankhwala, Pratiksha C Chandragirivar, Rakesh S A http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 309
ending page: 315
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1795

AI-Driven Pharmacovigilance: Advances in Adverse Drug Reaction Detection and Signal Management - A Review
type: item
description: Pharmacovigilance plays a critical role in drug safety through its process of monitoring, detecting, and preventing adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Traditional pharmacovigilance methods depend on manual data processing together with spontaneous reporting systems which require extensive time for the execution of their work but lack operational efficiency. Artificial intelligence (AI) has developed into a revolutionary healthcare solution during the past several years because it provides organizations with powerful data processing and pattern discovery abilities. The study demonstrates how AI technology functions in pharmacovigilance through its two main functions of ADR detection and signal management. AI-based techniques use machine learning and natural language processing to process extensive data from multiple sources which include electronic health records and clinical databases and social media platforms. The current approaches enable organizations to identify drug safety signals at an early stage while achieving higher precision in their assessment process and conducting ongoing safety surveillance. AI helps organizations to verify their signals which enables them to establish signal importance and make decisions about regulatory matters. The use of AI in pharmacovigilance shows benefits but organizations need to deal with three major obstacles which include data quality issues and privacy risks and regulatory restrictions. The research demonstrates that AI-powered pharmacovigilance systems will enhance drug safety monitoring together with healthcare results while establishing more efficient and proactive pharmacovigilance systems for upcoming development.
creator: Sumit Dilare
creator: Raj Baghel
creator: Anil Kumar Yadav
creator: Muskan Tomar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sumit Dilare, Raj Baghel, Anil Kumar Yadav, Muskan Tomar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 130
ending page: 138

An Overview of Regulatory Authorities in Pharmaceutical’s
type: item
description: Regulatory authorities have an obligation to protect the public’s health by ensuring that drug products are safe, effective, and of good quality. These agencies are responsible for drug development, clinical trials, manufacturing practices, product approvals, and monitoring after marketing. Leading worldwide regulatory bodies, including the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), European MedicinesAgency (EMA), Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) in India, Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) in Japan, and National Medical Products Administration of China (NMPA), have developed different frame works or guidelines for drug regulation. Although they serve the same purpose, differences in what needs to be approved, time, and regulatory requirements make gaining global access to drugs more difficult. International harmonization, as pursued by the International Council for Harmonization (ICH and World Health Organization (WHO)n),aims to overcome these gaps and ensure a high degree of regional comparability. This review provides insights into the organization, functions, and comparative features of the major regulatory bodies, as well as current challenges and prospects, such as digital health, artificial intelligence (AI), and patient-centred approaches. Enhanced global regulatory coordination is essential for accelerating innovation and enabling the highest levels of patient safety.
creator: Ovhal Prabhakar
creator: Chaudhari Bharatee
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ovhal Prabhakar, Chaudhari Bharatee http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 192
ending page: 196
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1778

Quality by Design Approach in Pharmaceutical
type: item
description: This review aims to clarify the concept of Pharmaceutical Quality by Design and delineate its foundational objectives within the context of drug development and manufacturing. It traces the evolution from traditional quality control, which relied heavily on post-production testing, to the proactive and integrated approach of QbD, emphasizing quality built in at every stage. This systematic approach begins with predefined objectives and prioritizes comprehensive product and process understanding, coupled with robust process control strategies, all underpinned by sound scientific principles and rigorous quality risk management . This transformative methodology ensures that quality is not merely tested into the product but is systematically designed and built-in from the outset, leading to enhanced product quality and reduced batch-to-batch variability. This review will delve into the seven vital elements of QbD, as outlined by the International Council for Harmonization guidelines Q8, Q9, and Q10, examining their interplay in achieving a robust control strategy and ultimately a Quality Target Product Profile. Furthermore, this article will explore the practical implementation of QbD, addressing its complexities and showcasing its applications across various pharmaceutical development stages. By moving beyond traditional trial-and-error methods, QbD fosters a science-based and risk-oriented strategy that optimizes drug product formulation and manufacturing processes. This methodical approach mandates the initial establishment of a Quality Target Product Profile and the subsequent identification of Critical Quality Attributes derived directly from these objectives, thereby guiding the entire development process.
creator: Waghmare Rohit
creator: Bharatee Chaudhari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Waghmare Rohit, Bharatee Chaudhari http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 221
ending page: 225
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1784

A Comprehensive Review on Topical Treatment Strategies for Tinea Pedis: Formulation Approaches and Clinical Outcomes
type: item
description: Tinea pedis, also called athlete’s foot, is among the commonest superficial mycoses, mainly attributed to dermatophytes belonging to the genus Trichophyton. This disease affects a considerable number of people worldwide, mostly those living in hot and humid climates, wearing occlusive shoes, and with low hygienic standards. The condition can occur in different forms, namely interdigital, moccasin, and vesiculobullous forms, presenting symptoms such as pruritus, scaling, erythema, and pain. The identification process involves a clinical assessment alongside laboratory procedures like KOH microscopy, fungal culture, and molecular diagnostics. While topical antifungal medications represent the principal form of treatment due to their targeted nature, low side effects, and enhanced safety profile relative to oral formulations, the traditional antifungal drugs available, like azoles and allylamines, can suffer from several shortcomings. These include skin penetration issues, extended therapy periods, and rising drug resistance. In response to these limitations, numerous improvements have been made concerning the development of novel drug delivery technologies, incorporating nanocarrier systems, hydrogels, in-situ gels, and film-forming systems, among others.However, challenges like recurrence, resistance, and patient non-compliance continue to be a problem. This article presents an extensive discussion about the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment modalities of tinea pedis using topical therapy. Formulation development is also highlighted in this paper, together with recent breakthroughs and future directions for this common skin disease.
creator: Rohit Bhaurao Ingle
creator: Dr. Deepak D. Sonawane
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rohit Bhaurao Ingle, pragati gangan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 268
ending page: 277
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1791

Artificial Intelligence Assisted Design and Optimization of Nanosponges for Targeted Drug Delivery
type: item
description: Pharmaceutical technology has been revolutionized by the new nanotechnology, with the emergence of novel nanocarrier systems for targeted drug delivery systems and controlled drug delivery. Nanoporous systems, such as nanosponges, have been shown to be promising candidates for nanoporous carriers due to their high surface area, tunable porosity, biocompatibility and potential to encapsulate hydrophilic and hydrophobic therapeutic agents. In biomedical applications nanosponges are used to increase the solubility, stability, bioavailaility and controlled release of drugs to improve their therapeutic efficacy. But the conventional method of preparing nanosponge (NS) is largely based on trial-and-error experimentation, which is time consuming, labor intensive and expensive. In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has proven to be a gamechanger in the field of pharmaceutical formulation, offering a range of predictive modeling, machine learning, deep learning, molecular simulations, and intelligent optimization techniques that can expedite the formulation development process. With the assistance of AI, NS engineering can be integrated to rationally select the polymer, optimize the crosslinking parameters, predict the interaction between the drug and the polymer, assess the toxicity, model the release rate of the drug, and design the personalized therapeutic treatment. AI driven NS systems can also facilitate targeted delivery, stimuli-responsive release, and precision medicine applications. This review highlights the structure of NS, AI methods, computational tools, engineering methods, therapeutic applications, existing challenges, and future prospects for smart NS systems for precision drug delivery.
creator: Pranita Waghmare
creator: Sameer Shafi
creator: Shivlila Swami
creator: Madhuri Damane
creator: Ankita Gadhave
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pranita Waghmare, Sameer Shafi, Shivlila Swami, Madhuri Damane, Ankita Gadhave http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 291
ending page: 298
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1803

Nanoparticles in Targeted Drug Delivery System
type: item
description: Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative approach in modern pharmaceutical sciences, particularly in improving drug delivery system[1,3]. Nanoparticles, due to their unique physicochemical properties, enable targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to specific sites within the body. This thesis explores the principles, types, mechanisms, advantages, limitations, and applications of nanoparticles in targeted drug delivery. Special emphasis is placed on their role in enhancing bioavailability, reducing toxicity, and improving therapeutic efficacy [7,16]. The study also highlights recent advancements and future perspectives in nanomedicine.
creator: Vaidehi Acharya
creator: Hemadri Sharma
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Vaidehi Acharya, Hemadri Sharma http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 124
ending page: 129

Comprehensive Review on Hydrogel as Advanced Platform for Novel Drug Delivery Systems
type: item
description: Hydrogels have emerged as a transformative platform for advanced novel drug delivery systems (NDDS), address ing major limitations of conventional therapeutic administration such as poor localization, uncontrolled release, and systemic toxicity. Their three-dimensional, hydrophilic polymeric network enables exceptional biocompatibility, unable degradability, and controlled drug release kinetics. This review comprehensively explores the fundamental principles, fabrication techniques, and physicochemical properties that govern hydrogel performance in DDS. Special emphasis is placed on stimuli-responsive (smart) hydrogels, including pH-, temperature-, enzyme-, and redox-sensitive systems, which offer precise spatiotemporal control and responsiveness to pathological conditions. The article also highlights biomedicalapplications of hydrogels in oncology, ophthalmology, wound healing, and regenerative medicine, alongside challenges in large-scale manufacturing, regulatory classification, and product standardization. Finally, emerging trends such as hybrid nanocomposite systems and 3D printing are discussed as pivotal strategies for enhancing functionality and facilitating clinical translation. Hydrogels thus represent a cornerstone of next-generation precision drug delivery and personalized medicine.
creator: Saurabh V Bodke
creator: Vikrant P. Wankhade
creator: Abhishek D.Mankar
creator: Ishika S. Bijore
creator: Ajay Nemade
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Saurabh V Bodke, Vikrant P. Wankhade, Abhishek D.Mankar, Ishika S. Bijore, Ajay Nemade http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 173
ending page: 185
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1776

Comparison of low and high Sodium and Potassium content in ORS by Flame Emission Spectroscopy
type: item
description: A study was carried out to determine the content of Na and K in two different brands of ORS powder by Flame photometric method. The Na content was found to be higher in Govt. supplied sample and K content was higher in the private sample. A study was conducted to compare sodium and potassium content in various ORS powder brands using Flame Photometry (Atomic Emission Spectroscopy), revealing variations in cation concentration compared to standard requirements. Results indicated that while most samples met specifications, some brands showed significant variance in sodium/potassium levels. Flame photometry proved to be a simple, quick, and accurate method for this quantitative analysis. Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS) is widely used for the treatment of dehydration caused by diarrhoea, cholera, and gastroenteritis. Sodium and potassium are the major electrolytes present in ORS and play an important role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in the body. Accurate estimation of these ions is necessary because excess or deficiency may lead to complications such as hypernatremia, hyponatremia, hyperkalaemia. Flame Emission Spectroscopy (Flame Photometry) is a rapid, simple, and sensitive analytical technique commonly used for the determination of sodium and potassium in ORS formulations. This review paper compares low and high sodium-potassium content in various ORS formulations using flame emission spectroscopy and discusses the principle, methodology, advantages, and analytical significance of the technique. Studies reveal that flame photometry provides accurate and reliable estimation of electrolyte concentration in commercial ORS powders and solutions.
creator: Farin Banu
creator: Kuldeep Wathra
creator: Ranu Sharma
creator: Maya Sharma
creator: Ankit Paliwal
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Farin Banu, Kuldeep Wathra, Ranu Sharma, Maya Sharma, Ankit Paliwal http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 216
ending page: 220
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1782

In Situ Mucoadhesive Nasal Gel: A Novel Approach for Enhanced Drug Delivery
type: item
description: In situ mucoadhesive nasal gels have emerged as a novel and effective approach for enhancing drug delivery through the nasal route, offering significant advantages over conventional dosage forms such as drops and sprays. The nasal cavity provides a highly vascularized surface, rapid onset of action, and avoidance of first-pass metabolism, making it an attractive pathway for both local and systemic drug delivery. However, rapid mucociliary clearance and limited residence time restrict the efficiency of traditional formulations. In situ gel systems address these limitations by undergoing a sol-to-gel transition upon exposure to physiological conditions such as temperature, pH, or ionic strength, forming a viscous gel that remains in contact with the nasal mucosa. The addition of mucoadhesive polymers further enhances retention by promoting strong interactions with mucin, thereby prolonging residence time and improving drug absorption. These systems utilize a combination of natural and synthetic polymers, along with suitable excipients, to achieve optimal gelation, stability, and controlled drug release. As a result, in situ mucoadhesive nasal gels offer improved bioavailability, sustained release, and reduced dosing frequency, leading to better patient compliance. They are particularly promising for the delivery of peptides, proteins, vaccines, and drugs targeting the central nervous system via the nose-to-brain pathway. Recent advancements, including nanoparticle-loaded gels and stimuli-responsive systems, have further expanded their therapeutic potential. Despite certain formulation and regulatory challenges, these systems represent a versatile and promising platform for advanced drug delivery applications.
creator: Vivek Kashinath Baviskar
creator: Yogesh P. Sharma
creator: Dr. Sunil. K. Mahajan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Vivek Kashinath Baviskar, Yogesh P. Sharma, Dr. Sunil. K. Mahajan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 250
ending page: 259
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1787

AI-Driven Pharmacovigilance: Advances in Adverse Drug Reaction Detection and Signal Management - A Review
type: item
description: Pharmacovigilance plays a critical role in drug safety through its process of monitoring, detecting, and preventing adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Traditional pharmacovigilance methods depend on manual data processing together with spontaneous reporting systems which require extensive time for the execution of their work but lack operational efficiency. Artificial intelligence (AI) has developed into a revolutionary healthcare solution during the past several years because it provides organizations with powerful data processing and pattern discovery abilities. The study demonstrates how AI technology functions in pharmacovigilance through its two main functions of ADR detection and signal management. AI-based techniques use machine learning and natural language processing to process extensive data from multiple sources which include electronic health records and clinical databases and social media platforms. The current approaches enable organizations to identify drug safety signals at an early stage while achieving higher precision in their assessment process and conducting ongoing safety surveillance. AI helps organizations to verify their signals which enables them to establish signal importance and make decisions about regulatory matters. The use of AI in pharmacovigilance shows benefits but organizations need to deal with three major obstacles which include data quality issues and privacy risks and regulatory restrictions. The research demonstrates that AI-powered pharmacovigilance systems will enhance drug safety monitoring together with healthcare results while establishing more efficient and proactive pharmacovigilance systems for upcoming development.
creator: Sumit Dilare
creator: Raj Baghel
creator: Anil Kumar Yadav
creator: Muskan Tomar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sumit Dilare, Raj Baghel, Anil Kumar Yadav, Muskan Tomar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 139
ending page: 146
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1797

Nanosponge Innovations: Revolutionizing Targeted Drug Delivery
type: item
description: Nanosponges emerge as sophisticated nanoporous platforms, engineered through crosslinking of polymers like cyclodextrins, ethylcellulose, and polyvinyl alcohol to form stable, three-dimensional matrices with submicron cavities ideal for entrapping diverse drug molecules. These structures excel in overcoming solubility barriers for BCS Class II/IV compounds, leveraging non-covalent interactions, hydrogen bonding, vander Waals forces, and inclusion complexesto achieve loading efficiencies up to 33%, while enabling pH-responsive, sustained release via polymer hydration and diffusion. Diverse fabrication techniques, including emulsion-solventdiffusion, ultrasound-assisted synthesis, microwave irradiation, and melt methods, offer flexibility in tuning porosity, particle size (<1 μm, optimal 200-300 nm for dermal routes), and zeta potential (>+30 mV for stability). Rigorous characterization employs DLS, SEM/TEM, FTIR, helium pycnometry for porosity, and UV spectroscopy for entrapment, confirming biocompatibility, thermal stability to 300°C, and self-sterilizing properties due to 0.25 μm pores. Broad applications encompass oncology (paclitaxel, doxorubicin), antifungals (itraconazole, voriconazole), and topicals, with marketed formulations like Tamodex 20 and Piroxicam-20 validating clinical translation. Advantages include cost-effectiveness, biodegradability, taste-masking, and reduced side effects, though limitations persist, burst release risks, exclusion of macromolecules >400 Da, and scale-up challenges. Future prospects focus on magnetic targeting, greener solvents, and hybrid systems for personalized medicine.
creator: Sneha R Jakaraddi
creator: Dr. Chandrashekar C. Patil
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sneha R Jakaraddi, Dr. Chandrashekar C. Patil http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 147
ending page: 142
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1774

Pharmacochemical Insights of Pedalium Murex L. With Emphasis on Recent Formulations, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
type: item
description: Pedalium murex Linn. (Family: Zygophyllaceae), commonly known as Bada Gokhru in Hindi and Large Caltrops in English, is a remarkable annual herb widely distributed across arid and semi-arid regions of India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, and parts of Africa. It has been esteemed in traditional systems of medicine Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha chiefly for its diuretic, aphrodisiac, anti-urolithiatic, and tonic properties. The plant, particularly its spiny fruits, is rich in diverse phytochemicals including saponins, flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin), alkaloids, sterols (β-sitosterol), tannins, terpenoids (ursolic acid), mucilage, and fixed oils. Scientific validation of its traditional claims has intensified over the past two decades, revealing potent antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, analgesic, antidiabetic, hypolipidaemic, anticancer, and wound-healing activities. Recent pharmaceutical research has focused on development of novel drug delivery systems nanoparticles, phytosomes, liposomal gels, transdermal patches, and PLGA microspheres to overcome limitations of bioavailability and stability. This review comprehensively discusses the botanical, phytochemical, pharmacological, and formulation aspects of Pedalium murex, with particular emphasis on advancements in the last decade.
creator: Surinderjeet Kaur
creator: Isha
creator: Mandeep Kaur
creator: Seema Sharma
creator: Dr. Naresh Singh Gill
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Surinderjeet Kaur, Isha, Mandeep Kaur, Seema Sharma, Dr. Naresh Singh Gill http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 197
ending page: 204
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1780

Tin Oxide (SnO₂) Nanoparticles in Modern Medicine: Development, Standardization, and Therapeutic Applications
type: item
description: Tin dioxide nanoparticles (SnO₂) represent an extremely versatile class of metal oxide nanomaterials with vast potential in a broad spectrum of modern medical applications. The key characteristics of tin dioxide nanoparticles include high optical bandgap energy (~3.6 eV), rutile crystal phase structure, elevated surface area to volume ratio, remarkable chemical stability, and controllable surface chemistry. Thus, tin dioxide nanoparticles display an excellent array of optical, electrical, and biological properties enabling their exploitation for numerous medical purposes. The current review article offers a systematic investigation of physicochemical properties, synthesis techniques, characterization procedures, standardization criteria, and various biomedical applications of tin dioxide nanoparticles with particular focus on advancements published from 2020 to 2026. Different synthesis techniques (physical processes, such as laser ablation and vapor deposition; chemical synthesis, namely sol-gel process, hydrothermal treatment, co-precipitation, microemulsion; and green synthesis using plants and microorganisms) are analyzed in terms of the underlying mechanism, particle size, shape, and scalability. The mechanisms responsible for the interaction of tin dioxide nanoparticles with biological entities (cellular uptake, protein corona, reactive oxygen species, and apoptosis) are presented in detail. The range of therapeutic applications includes antitumor activity, antibacterial effect, controlled drug delivery, biosensor applications, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Toxicology data, which includes in vitro toxicity studies, genotoxicity studies, and in vivo organ toxicity data, is carefully evaluated to demarcate the therapeutic window and determine safety limits. Advances in the field such as functionalized nanoparticles, graphene-SnO₂ nanocomposites, doping techniques, and stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems have been mentioned. In conclusion…
creator: Omkar Dnyaneshwar Chavan
creator: Dr. Deepak D. Sonawane
creator: Mayuri P. Pol
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Omkar Dnyaneshwar Chavan, Dr. Deepak D. Sonawane, Mayuri P. Pol http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 226
ending page: 241
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1785

Solid Dispersion Approaches for Clozapine Solubility Enhancement: A Comparative Review of Solvent Evaporation and Melt Fusion Methods
type: item
description: Clozapine, an antipsychotic belonging to the dibenzodiazepine family, continues to be the benchmark therapy for refractory schizophrenia even after being identified as having a difficult biopharmaceutics profile. The BCS Class II drug is highly permeable but poorly soluble in water (~0.2–0.5 mg/mL at physiological pH), which leads to poor oral bioavailability (27–50%) and high interpatient variability in pharmacokinetics. Solid dispersions are considered among the most potent techniques to deal with this issue through converting the drug from the crystalline form to the amorphous phase suspended in hydrophilic carrier matrices. This paper conducts a comparative study of two key solid dispersion approaches, namely solvent evaporation (spray drying and freeze drying) and melt fusion (hot melt extrusion and melt granulation), when applied to clozapine formulation. The physicochemical and biopharmaceutics characteristics of clozapine are thoroughly discussed regarding formulation design principles. Selection criteria for carriers, which include solvent solubility, glass transition temperature, miscibility indices (Flory-Huggins interaction parameter, χ), and thermal stability, are thoroughly analyzed. The mechanisms responsible for improving solubility, including amorphization, wetting enhancement, prevention of drug crystallization, and drug-polymer interactions, are examined with particular emphasis on current characterization methods such as differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, and dissolution studies. Preclinical and formulation work from 2015 to 2026 is briefly reviewed in the context of achieving 4-10 fold increases in clozapine dissolution and bioavailability. Future directions concerning scale up, physical instability, residual solvents, and regulation, particularly the use of continuous manufacturing and artificial intelligence-based formulation, are explore…
creator: Pradnya Nitesh Valavi
creator: Yogesh.P. Sharma
creator: Dr.Sunil. K. Mahajan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pradnya Nitesh Valavi, Yogesh.P. Sharma, Dr.Sunil. K. Mahajan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 278
ending page: 290
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1792

Pharmacological Considerations in Vaccination: Age-Specific Strategies for Pediatric and Geriatric Populations
type: item
description: Vaccination remains one of the most effective public health strategies for preventing infectious diseases across the lifespan. However, age-specific immunological differences demand tailored pharmacological approaches in pediatric and geriatric populations. In children, immune immaturity, maternal antibody interference, and safety considerations necessitate fractional dosing, carefully timed booster schedules, and minimally reactogenic adjuvants. Combination vaccines and novel delivery systems, including microneedle patches and intranasal formulations, have further optimized pediatric immunization by reducing injection burden and improving acceptability. In contrast, older adults face immunosenescence, inflammaging, and the added burden of comorbidities, which collectively reduce vaccine responsiveness and durability. Pharmacological strategies in geriatrics emphasize dose intensification, potent adjuvants (MF59, AS01, Matrix-M), and next-generation platforms such as recombinant protein subunits and mRNA-based formulations. High-dose influenza vaccines, adjuvanted shingles vaccines, and recently licensed RSV and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines illustrate this paradigm. Age-related pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences also underscore the need for individualized approaches, as clearance, biodistribution, and immune priming vary significantly between neonates and older adults. Safety remains paramount, with febrile seizures in children and multimorbidity-linked adverse events in older adults requiring vigilant monitoring. Emerging innovations, including systems vaccinology, nanoparticle platforms, and thermostable vaccines, promise a future of personalized and lifelong immunization strategies. This review highlights the pharmacological basis for pediatric versus geriatric vaccine design, emphasizing that one-size-fits-all approaches are inadequate. Instead, age-tailored vaccine strategies informed by immune profiling, pharmacological principles, and regulato…
creator: Varsha S.Rathod
creator: Dr.Sunil. K. Mahajan
creator: Dr.Chandrashekhar D.Patil
creator: Dipti B.Chavan
creator: Gaurav M.Kasar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Varsha S.Rathod, Dr.Sunil. K. Mahajan, Dr.Chandrashekhar D.Patil, Dipti B.Chavan, Gaurav M.Kasar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 316
ending page: 325
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1805

A Review on AQBD-Based RP-HPLC Method Development for Simultaneous Quantification of Domperidone and Naproxen Sodium in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
type: item
description: Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) has recently become an important methodology used for developing robust analytical techniques.The present review aims at the development of a robust RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous quantitation of Domperidone and Naproxen sodium in the pharmaceutical dosage form utilizing the AQbD principles.Risk assessment tools were employed to identify critical method parameters (CMPs) and critical quality attributes (CQAs), which were then optimized using design of experiment (DoE).A number of chromatographic parameters, such as composition of mobile phase, flow rate, pH, and column choice, have been optimized in order to obtain the optimal resolution and precision.As compared to trial and error techniques, AQbD methodology provides enhanced method robustness and reliability.The developed RP-HPLC method was validated according to the international council for harmonization guidelines, and the specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness were established for the simultaneous analysis of two drugs.
creator: Vishal V Kendre
creator: Mahesh J Birajdar
creator: Dr. Balaji M Shetkar
creator: Dr.Kranti L. Satpute
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Vishal V Kendre, Mahesh J Birajdar, Dr. Balaji M Shetkar, Dr.Kranti L. Satpute http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 130
ending page: 138

Mucoadhesive Buccal Tablets: Formulation Strategies, Evaluation Parameters, Marketed Products, and Future Prospects
type: item
description: Mucoadhesive buccal tablets are a promising and patient-friendly drug delivery system designed to improve the effectiveness of medications by enhancing bioavailability, avoiding first-pass metabolism, and providing a controlled release of drugs. The buccal route offers several benefits—it is easy to access, the mucosa is highly vascularized for quick absorption, and drugs can be protected from breakdown in the gastrointestinal tract. This review provides a clear overview of the basics of mucoadhesion, explaining how polymers interact with mucus and the factors that influence how strongly they adhere. Different types of mucoadhesive polymers—including natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic varieties—are discussed with a focus on their properties and suitability for buccal formulations. The formulation aspects, such as how to choose the right drug, the importance of excipients, and the common methods used to prepare buccal tablets, are also highlighted. Key evaluation parameters like swelling index, mucoadhesive strength, and drug release patterns are explained to help understand how these systems are assessed. Recent developments—including advanced polymers, nanotechnology-based systems, and marketed products such as Fentora® and Belbuca®—show the growing clinical relevance of buccal mucoadhesive tablets. Although challenges remain, such as limited dose capacity and variations in mucosal conditions, ongoing innovations in thiolated polymers, interpenetrating polymer networks, and 3D-printing offer exciting potential to make these systems even more efficient and patient-friendly in the future.
creator: Mankar D. Abhishek
creator: Dr. Vikrant P. Wankhade
creator: Ishika Bijore
creator: Saurabh Bodke
creator: Shrirang Virkhare.
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mankar D. Abhishek, Dr. Vikrant P. Wankhade, Ishika Bijore, Saurabh Bodke, Shrirang Virkhare. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 186
ending page: 191
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1777

Polymeric Nanosponges: A Promising Platform for Improving Roflumilast Solubility
type: item
description: The drug roflumilast, a selective phosphodiesterase-4 enzyme inhibitor that can be used to treat persistent obstructive lung disease (COPD), has limited therapeutic potential due to its poor solubility and bioavailability. The aim of this literature review is to provide an overview of polymeric nanosponges as a novel drug delivery mechanism to enhance the solubility/bioavailability of roflumilast in vivo/vitro. Nanosponges are a type of nanocarrier that can be used to deliver poorly soluble drugs by encapsulating (i.e. solubilizing) these drugs—enhancing drug stability and providing zero order-controlled release. This review examines the fundamental properties of nanosponges including the different types of nanosponges, the preparation methods used to create them, and characterization methods. The role of nanosponges in improving the solubility of roflumilast by increasing surface area, molecular dispersion, and amorphous nature will also be discussed. Several formulation strategies and factors influencing the performance of nanosponges will also be covered. Finally, examples of in vitro and in vivo experiments that show improved solubility/bioavailability of roflumilast using nanosponges will also be presented in this review. In addition, advances in research related to targeted delivery, responsive to stimuli, and environmentally friendly synthesis of nanosponges will be discussed. Although there are barriers to the scale-up production of nanospounges and translational use in the clinic, the potential of polymeric nanosponges as a practical and versatile tool for advancing the therapeutic effectiveness of poorly soluble drugs like roflumilast is considerable.
creator: Sarvesh Sharad Bagul
creator: Dr. Deepak D. Sonawane
creator: Mayuri P. Pol
creator: Dr. Sunil. K. Mahajan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Sarvesh Sharad Bagul, Dr. Deepak D. Sonawane, Mayuri P. Pol, Dr. Sunil. K. Mahajan http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 260
ending page: 267
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1790

Novel Mucoadhesive Film Forming Spray Systems: Mechanism, Formulation Approaches and Therapeutic Perspectives
type: item
description: Mucoadhesive film-forming sprays (FFS) have emerged as advanced and promising drug delivery systems for mucosal administration owing to their ability to prolong residence time, improve drug absorption, and provide sustained therapeutic action. Conventional dosage forms such as tablets, creams, gels, and ointments often suffer from limitations including poor retention, variable absorption, frequent dosing, and reduced patient compliance. In contrast, mucoadhesive film-forming sprays combine the advantages of mucoadhesive polymers and in situ film formation to enhance localized and systemic drug delivery through buccal, nasal, and vaginal mucosal routes. These systems transform from liquid formulations into thin adhesive polymeric films following solvent evaporation, thereby ensuring uniform drug distribution, improved adhesion, flexibility, and prolonged drug release.The present review discusses the anatomy and physiology of mucosal membranes with particular emphasis on buccal, nasal, and vaginal mucosa, including their permeability, vascularization, mucus composition, and suitability for drug delivery. Various theories and mechanisms of mucoadhesion are also described. Additionally, the formulation aspects of film-forming sprays, including polymers, solvents, plasticizers, penetration enhancers, bioadhesive agents, and preservatives, are comprehensively reviewed. Important physicochemical evaluation parameters such as pH, viscosity, spray angle, mucoadhesive strength, washability, permeability studies, and stability studies are highlighted.Furthermore, the therapeutic applications of mucoadhesive film-forming sprays are discussed. Due to their non-invasive nature, improved patient compliance, and enhanced bioavailability, mucoadhesive film-forming sprays represent a novel and effective platform for mucosal drug delivery and hold significant potential for future pharmaceutical and clinical applications.
creator: Damane Madhuri
creator: Sameer Shafi
creator: Waghmare Pranita
creator: Gadhave Ankita
creator: Swami Shivlila
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Damane Madhuri, Sameer Shafi, Waghmare Pranita, Gadhave Ankita, Swami Shivlila http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 299
ending page: 308
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1802

Development of Sustained Release Matrix Tablets of Metformin Using Natural Gums as Release Retardants
type: item
description: For treatment of DM there are several available drugs treatment for glycemic regulation. So that systematic management for glycemic index still cure completely still challenges for most of medical scientific fraternity. Thus its now became pathological treatment of disease advancement in perspective. In response to this todays life diabetes mellitus II like metformin hydrochloride. However in case of disadvantages fever compliance gastrointestinal side effect due to bio-half-life required more dose for long term treatment. For advancement according to raise efficacy. The current work aims to develop metformin hydrochloride sustained release matrix tablets using natural gums as release retardants in order to improve therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Natural gums like gum acacia, xanthan gum, and guar gum will be studied as hydrophilic matrix-forming agents because to their low toxicity, affordability, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Wet granulation or direct compression will be used to create sustained release matrix tablets using various natural gum concentrations.
creator: Dushyant Singh
creator: Vikas Sharma
creator: Dr. Nasiruddin Ahmad Farooqui
creator: Naeem
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dushyant Singh, Vikas Sharma, Dr. Nasiruddin Ahmad Farooqui, Naeem http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 326
ending page: 332

Formulation of Fenugreek-Based Nutritional Jelly to Enhance Paediatric Appetite
type: item
description: This study aimed to create and assess a natural jelly for children that stimulates appetite. It used fenugreek and beetroot, along with cinnamon and rosemary. Fenugreek helped boost appetite, while beetroot improved taste, colour, and nutritional value. Cinnamon and rosemary added antioxidant, antimicrobial, and stabilizing properties. The formulation was adjusted for taste, stability, and effectiveness. The evaluation included checking physical and chemical properties, ensuring microbial safety, conducting sensory analysis, and performing in vivo appetite tests. The results showed good taste and safety, with a potential increase in appetite among children The evaluation results showed that F2 formulation was optimal with pH 6.8, best texture (310 g), lowest moisture content (27.0 ± 0.25%), light brown colour, and highest viscosity (5400 cP), indicating better stability, consistency, and overall acceptability compared to F1 and F3. The study concludes that this herbal jelly is a promising, safe, and appealing appetite stimulant with added health benefits.
creator: Pagar Purvesh
creator: Bhalke Rasika
creator: Gangurde Shreya
creator: Kangane Yash
creator: Pagare Tejsvini
creator: Giri Mahendra
creator: Jadhav Hemangi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Manager AJPRD http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 347
ending page: 356

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Face Serum
type: item
description: This study aimed to develop and evaluate a polyherbal face serum containing guava leaf extract for skincare applications. Nine formulations (F1–F9) were prepared using suitable herbal and cosmetic ingredients and assessed for their physicochemical properties, including appearance, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, washability, and stability.All formulations exhibited good appearance, smooth texture, and acceptable consistency. The pH value was 5.4 within the suitable range for skin application, indicating good compatibility. Washability testing showed that the formulations could be removed easily without leaving any residue on the skin.Stability studies were conducted under room temperature and freezer conditions. F9 formulation remained physically stable throughout the study period, whereas a few batches showed instability under freezer conditions. Among all the formulations, F9 was identified as the optimized batch due to its excellent homogeneity, easy washability, appropriate viscosity (1910 cp), and superior stability. No noticeable changes in colour, odour, pH, or consistency were observed in F9 during the stability study.The findings demonstrated that the developed polyherbal face serum possesses desirable quality attributes, good physical stability, and satisfactory user acceptability. Therefore, the optimized F9 formulation has potential as an effective and stable herbal skincare product for regular facial care.
creator: Gadekar Shital Rajendra
creator: Bhalke Rasika Dnyandeo
creator: Nagare Vidya Bhausaheb
creator: Gadekar Monika Kishor
creator: Wagh Anuradha Dattu
creator: Giri Mahendra Ashok
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Gadekar Shital Rajendra, Bhalke Rasika Dnyandeo, Nagare Vidya Bhausaheb, Gadekar Monika Kishor, Wagh Anuradha Dattu, Giri Mahendra Ashok http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 333
ending page: 340
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1793

Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Levetiracetam Transdermal Patches
type: item
description: Long-term epilepsy management requires maintaining stable therapeutic plasma concentrations, which is often challenging with orally administered Levetiracetam because of its short dosing interval requirements and extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism. The present investigation aimed to formulate and evaluate a novel matrix-type transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) employing a synergistic combination of natural Ficus carica fruit mucilage and synthetic polymers, namely HPMC K100 and Eudragit S100, to achieve sustained and controlled drug release. Five formulations (LTP1–LTP5) were prepared using the solvent casting method. The developed transdermal patches were evaluated for various physicochemical parameters, including weight variation, thickness, folding endurance, and drug content uniformity. Compatibility and possible molecular interactions between the drug and polymers were analyzed using FT-IR spectroscopy, while in vitro drug diffusion studies were performed using a Franz diffusion cell over a 24-hour period.FT-IR analysis confirmed the absence of significant drug–polymer interactions, indicating the chemical stability of Levetiracetam within the polymeric matrix. The prepared patches demonstrated satisfactory uniformity, with drug content ranging from 97.5% to 99.4% and thickness values between 138 and 148 μm. Mechanical characterization revealed good flexibility and durability, with folding endurance values reaching up to 172 folds. Among all formulations, LTP4 containing an optimized ratio of natural and synthetic polymers showed the best performance, exhibiting a cumulative drug release of 98.85% over 24 hours, following matrix diffusion-controlled release kinetics.The study concludes that the optimized LTP4 transdermal patch successfully provided sustained release of Levetiracetam and may serve as a promising non-invasive alternative to conventional oral therapy, potentially improving therapeutic efficacy, patient compliance, and long-term epilepsy m…
creator: Bariki Rajasekhar
creator: Avula Bhojaraju
creator: G Vinod Kumar Reddy
creator: Gudipogula Susmitha
creator: Harijana James
creator: Kammara Jyothi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Bariki Rajasekhar, Avula Bhojaraju, G Vinod Kumar Reddy, Gudipogula Susmitha, Harijana James, Kammara Jyothi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 37
ending page: 42

Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Anti-Tanning Soap
type: item
description: Among the three formulations, F3 showed the most Polyherbal soaps are topical formulations prepared using natural plant-based ingredients that offer both cleansing and therapeutic benefits for the skin. The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a polyherbal soap incorporating herbal constituents such as Aloe Vera, Curcuma longa (turmeric), neem (Azadirachta indica), papaya (Carica papaya), and lemon (Citrus lemon). These herbs are well known for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, and skin-nourishing properties. The soap was prepared using a melt-and-pour method, where a soap base was melted and blended with herbal extracts, essential oils, and excipients to obtain a uniform mixture, which was then poured into molds and allowed to solidify.The anti-tanning potential of the formulated soap was evaluated using B16F10 melanoma cells. Melanogenesis was induced by α-MSH stimulation, and the effects of soap extract on cell viability, intracellular melanin content, and cellular tyrosinase activity were assessed. The expression of melanogenesis-related proteins (MITF, TYR, TRP-1, and TRP-2) was also evaluated. Balanced overall performance with good texture, pleasant odour, satisfactory pH, high foam height, and good washability. F2 also exhibited acceptable characteristics but had a slightly higher pH. F1 was more skin-friendly in terms of pH and foam retention; however, its rough texture and poor washability reduced its overall acceptability.
creator: Thakare Mayur Nanaji
creator: Dr. Balke Rasika
creator: Yeola Krushna Sunil
creator: Kadam Baneshwar Sunil
creator: Chavan Kuldip Sunil
creator: Dr. Giri Mahendra
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Thakare Mayur Nanaji, Dr. Balke Rasika, Yeola Krushna Sunil, Kadam Baneshwar Sunil, Chavan Kuldip Sunil, Dr. Giri Mahendra http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 84
ending page: 89
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1762

Development and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Metformin Hydrochloride, Linagliptin and Dapagliflozin in Synthetic Mixture
type: item
description: A simple, accurate, precise, and reproducible reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous estimation of Metformin (MET), Linagliptin (LINA), and Dapagliflozin (DAPA) in a synthetic mixture. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Shimadzu LC-2030 HPLC system equipped with a C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µm particle size). The optimized mobile phase consisted of Methanol:10 mM phosphate buffer (pH adjusted to 4 using orthophosphoric acid) in the ratio of 65:35 (% v/v), delivered at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and detection was carried out at 232 nm. The retention times were found to be 2.337 min for Metformin, 3.324 min for Linagliptin, and 12.874 min for Dapagliflozin. The method demonstrated good linearity in the concentration range of 2.5-15 µg/mL for all three drugs, with correlation coefficients of 0.9969 for Metformin, 0.9944 for Linagliptin, and 0.9938 for Dapagliflozin. Recovery studies showed percentage recoveries of 102.89%, 99.20%, and 101.50% for Metformin, Linagliptin, and Dapagliflozin, respectively. The developed method was validated according to International Council for Harmonisation guidelines for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). The results indicated that the proposed method is simple, sensitive, accurate, and suitable for routine quality control analysis for the simultaneous estimation of Metformin, Linagliptin, and Dapagliflozin in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
creator: Munazza Iqbalahmed Shaikh
creator: Amar M. Raval
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Shaikh Munazza Iqbalahmed, Amar M. Raval http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 18
ending page: 30
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1767

Formulation and Evaluation of Nicotine Polacrilex Chewable Tablets by Direct Compression
type: item
description: Nicotine polacrilex chewable tablets were developed as an effective dosage form for nicotine replacement therapy to help reduce smoking dependence. The present study focused on the formulation and evaluation of chewable tablets using suitable excipients to improve taste, stability, and drug release. Tablets were prepared by the direct compression method using ingrediaents such as mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium starch glycolate, and flavouring agents. Pre-compression studies indicated good flow properties of the powder blend, ensuring uniform tablet formation. The prepared tablets were evaluated for various parameters including weight variation, hardness, friability, thickness, disintegration time, and in-vitro drug release. All formulations complied with pharmacopeial limits, showing acceptable mechanical strength and rapid disintegration. Among the formulations, batch NT4 showed the best performance with optimum hardness, lowest friability, and faster disintegration time. In-vitro dissolution studies demonstrated effective drug release within a short period, indicating suitability for rapid nicotine delivery. Overall, the developed chewable tablets offer a convenient, patient-friendly, and effective approach for nicotine replacement therapy.
creator: Shashank Namannavar
creator: Sneha R Jakaraddi
creator: Dr. Chandrashekar C. Patil
creator: Arjun L Uppar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Shashank Namannavar, Sneha R Jakaraddi, Dr. Chandrashekar C. Patil, Arjun L Uppar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 31
ending page: 36
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1754

Development and Optimization of Liquisolid Compact Tablet of Ebastine
type: item
description: Ebastine is a second-generation non-sedating antihistaminic drug indicated for the prevention and treatment of allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. It is classified under Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class II and exhibits poor aqueous solubility, resulting in dissolution-limited oral absorption. The present work was undertaken to develop and optimize liquisolid compact tablets of Ebastine in order to improve dissolution behavior and pharmaceutical performance. Solubility of Ebastine was evaluated in various non-volatile solvents. Based on maximum drug solubility, Cremophor RH 40 was selected as non-volatile liquid vehicle. Neusilin US2 and Aerosil 200 were selected as carrier and coating materials respectively. Drug-excipient compatibility studies were performed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. The formulation was optimized using Design Expert® version 10 software by response surface methodology employing 3² full factorial design. Drug concentration in liquid medication (Cd) and carrier-coating ratio (R) were selected as independent variables, while angle of repose and cumulative percentage drug release at 20 minutes were selected as dependent responses. The optimized formulation was obtained with Cd value of 15.0 and carrier-coating ratio of 26.7. Validation batches confirmed close agreement between predicted and observed values. Crospovidone was selected as suitable superdisintegrant and optimized at 7%. The optimized formulation showed acceptable flow properties and post-compression characteristics. Comparative dissolution study demonstrated faster release than marketed conventional tablet. FTIR studies confirmed compatibility between drug and excipients. DSC and PXRD analysis indicated reduced crystallinity and improved dispersion of drug in final formulation. Accelerated stability study at 40 ±2°C and 75 ±5% RH for one month showed no remarkable change in tablet characteristics. The s…
creator: Dr. Disha Suthar
creator: Jaymina Panthaki
creator: Dr. Shruti Barot
creator: Amar M. Raval
creator: Dr. Khushboo Vaghela
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Jaymina Panthaki, Dr. Shruti Barot, Amar M. Raval, Dr. Khushboo Vaghela http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-20
publication date: 2026-06-20
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 65
ending page: 77
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1759

In Silico Evaluation of Diterpenoids from Jatropha curcas Roots as Potential HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors for Hyperlipidemia Management
type: item
description: Hyperlipidemia is a major metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of cholesterol and triglycerides, predisposing individuals to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Although statins remain the first-line therapy through inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, their long-term use is associated with adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity and myopathy. This has fueled interest in identifying safer, plant-derived alternatives. Jatropha curcas, a medicinal plant traditionally used for various ailments, is particularly rich in bioactive diterpenoids in its root extracts. These secondary metabolites exhibit a wide spectrum of pharmacological properties, yet their potential in lipid-lowering therapy remains underexplored.The present study aimed to evaluate the binding affinity and interaction profile of selected diterpenoids from J. curcas roots against HMG-CoA reductase using molecular docking. Ligands were retrieved from published phytochemical reports and optimized, while the crystal structure of HMG-CoA reductase (PDB ID: 1HWK) was prepared by removing water molecules and heteroatoms. Docking was performed using AutoDock Vina, and results were visualized with Discovery Studio. Among the tested compounds, [ Curcusone B] exhibited the lowest binding energy (-9.1 kcal/mol), forming stable hydrogen bonds with key active site residues such as Lys735, Glu559, and Ser684, comparable to the reference drug atorvastatin. Other diterpenoids such as [Jatropholone B (-8.9 kcal/mol)] also demonstrated favorable interactions, suggesting their potential as natural HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. These findings highlight the promise of J. curcas diterpenoids as lead candidates for hyperlipidemia management, providing a strong rationale for further in vitro and in vivo validation. Overall, this study emphasizes the relevance of in silico approaches in accelerating the discovery of plant-based lipid-lowering agents.
creator: Ritu Kumari Singh
creator: Nitesh Chandel
creator: Dr. Dhaval Patel
creator: Dr. Pankti Dalwadi
creator: Ketan Rathod
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ritu Kumari Singh, Nitesh Chandel, Dr. Dhaval Patel, Dr. Pankti Dalwadi, Ketan Rathod http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 9
ending page: 17
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1765

An Air Purifying Herbal Mosquito Repellent Candle with Stress Relief Activity
type: item
description: Long-term epilepsy management requires maintaining stable therapeutic plasma concentrations, which is often challenging with orally administered Levetiracetam because of its short dosing interval requirements and extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism. The present investigation aimed to formulate and evaluate a novel matrix-type transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) employing a synergistic combination of natural Ficus carica fruit mucilage and synthetic polymers, namely HPMC K100 and Eudragit S100, to achieve sustained and controlled drug release. Five formulations (LTP1–LTP5) were prepared using the solvent casting method. The developed transdermal patches were evaluated for various physicochemical parameters, including weight variation, thickness, folding endurance, and drug content uniformity. Compatibility and possible molecular interactions between the drug and polymers were analyzed using FT-IR spectroscopy, while in vitro drug diffusion studies were performed using a Franz diffusion cell over a 24-hour period.FT-IR analysis confirmed the absence of significant drug–polymer interactions, indicating the chemical stability of Levetiracetam within the polymeric matrix. The prepared patches demonstrated satisfactory uniformity, with drug content ranging from 97.5% to 99.4% and thickness values between 138 and 148 μm. Mechanical characterization revealed good flexibility and durability, with folding endurance values reaching up to 172 folds. Among all formulations, LTP4 containing an optimized ratio of natural and synthetic polymers showed the best performance, exhibiting a cumulative drug release of 98.85% over 24 hours, following matrix diffusion-controlled release kinetics.The study concludes that the optimized LTP4 transdermal patch successfully provided sustained release of Levetiracetam and may serve as a promising non-invasive alternative to conventional oral therapy, potentially improving therapeutic efficacy, patient compliance, and long-term epilepsy m…
creator: Pangavhane Ajay Balasaheb
creator: Shaikh Faizan Julfekhar
creator: Bansode Pavan Baban
creator: Ingale Sakshi Ravindra
creator: Girimahendra Ashok
creator: Bhalke Rasika Dnyandeo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pangavhane Ajay Balasaheb, Shaikh Faizan Julfekhar, Bansode Pavan Baban, Ingale Sakshi Ravindra, Girimahendra Ashok, Bhalke Rasika Dnyandeo http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 50
ending page: 55
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1757

Formulation Development and Evaluation of Transdermal Patches of Diclofenac sodium as a Analgesics
type: item
description: Diclofenac is commonly prescribed for the treatment of pain, inflammation, and arthritic disorders. However, oral administration of diclofenac may lead to gastrointestinal side effects and extensive first-pass metabolism, which can reduce its therapeutic effectiveness. Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) provide an alternative method of administration by delivering the drug through the skin in a controlled manner. This research describes the formulation and evaluation of diclofenac transdermal patches prepared using different polymers, plasticizers, and permeation enhancers. Various preparation techniques, including solvent casting and solvent evaporation methods, are discussed. The review also summarizes important evaluation tests such as thickness, weight uniformity, folding endurance, drug content analysis, surface pH . In addition, the influence of permeation enhancers and release kinetics on drug delivery performance is highlighted. Diclofenac transdermal patches have shown significant potential in improving patient compliance, reducing gastrointestinal complications, and providing sustained drug release. Hence, TDDS can be considered a suitable and promising approach for effective management of pain and inflammatory conditions.
creator: Dr. Ehtesham Ansari
creator: Nikita Pagar
creator: Rekha Bornare
creator: Shweta Bhagwat
creator: Dr. Rasika Bhalke
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Ehtesham Ansari, Nikita Pagar, Rekha Bornare, Shweta Bhagwat, Dr. Rasika Bhalke http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 90
ending page: 98
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1763

Functional and Mechanistic Insights into Natural Pharmaceutical Excipients
type: item
description: Natural excipients derived from from natural sources have emerged as promising alternatives to synthetic polymers in pharmaceutical formulations. These excipients offer advantages such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity and cost-effectiveness. The present review provides a comprehensive analysis of selected natural polymers, including gaur gum, neem gum, gum ghatti, khaya gum, tamarind seed gum and agar, with emphasis on their physicochemical properties, extraction methods and pharmaceutical applications. Particular focus is given to their role in controlled and sustained drug delivery systems. A comparative evaluation highlights the influence of swelling behavior, viscosity and gel-forming ability on drug release kinetics. Despite their advantages, limitations such as batch variability and microbial contamination restrict their large-scale application. Recent advancements including polymer modification and co-processing techniques, have been discussed. Overall, natural excipients present a promising alternative to synthetic polymers, with significant potential in the development of novel and sustainable drug delivery systems.
creator: Prasad Deshmukh
creator: Tejas Dhok
creator: Kundan Sawale
creator: Pallavi Sawwalakhe
creator: Dipti Ruikar
creator: Dehuti Fate
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Manager AJPRD http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-24
publication date: 2026-06-24
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 43
ending page: 49

Preparation and Evaluation of a Poly-herbal Sheet Mask for Enhanced Skin Care Applications
type: item
description: Herbal cosmetics have gained significant attention due to their safety, efficacy, and minimal side effects. The present study aims to formulate and evaluate a polyherbal face sheet mask using natural ingredients such as neem, turmeric, green tea, rose powder, aloe vera gel, and vitamin E. Sheet masks are facial masks made of fabric soaked in nutrient-rich solution that enhances skin hydration and delivers active ingredients effectively. The objective of this study was to prepare a herbal sheet mask and evaluate its physicochemical properties and Stability.The formulation was prepared by combining powdered herbal ingredients with a gel base and then soaking sheet mask into the mixture.The prepared formulation was evaluated for parameters such as pH, viscosity, spreadability,skin irritation and stability. The results showed that the formulation possesses good moisturizing, antimicrobial, and soothing properties. Hence, it can be concluded that the herbal face sheet mask is effective, safe, and suitable for skincare applications.
creator: Roma Rupesh Kasar
creator: Dr. Bhalke Rasika
creator: Phad Pratiksha Kailas
creator: Shaikh Parvej Jakir
creator: Gaikwad Akshada Mangesh
creator: Dr. Mahendra Giri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Manager AJPRD http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 78
ending page: 83
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1761

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Anti-Sweat Roll on for Summer
type: item
description: The increasing preference for natural and safe cosmetic products has encouraged the development of herbal alternatives to conventional deodorants and antiperspirants. Sweating is a normal physiological process; however, the breakdown of sweat by skin microflora leads to unpleasant body odour. Synthetic antiperspirants, commonly containing aluminium salts, may reduce perspiration but are often associated with skin irritation and safety concerns on prolonged use (1,2). The present study was designed to formulate and evaluate an anti-sweat herbal roll-on using plant-based ingredients such as neem extract, aloe vera gel, alum, and essential oils known for their antimicrobial and astringent properties. The formulation was prepared by incorporating herbal extracts into a suitable aqueous base and evaluated for parameters including pH 5.8, viscosity 450 cps, spreadability 19.5g.cm/s, homogeneity was Excellent, skin irritancy was Absent,and stability was Highly Stable. The developed formulation exhibited acceptable physicochemical characteristics, maintained stability under different storage conditions, and showed no signs of irritation on application. The presence of herbal components contributed to effective control of odour-causing microorganisms. Hence, the study supports the use of herbal roll-on formulations as a safe and effective alternative to synthetic deodorants.
creator: Chatur Sneha Nanasaheb
creator: Mate Vaishnavi Tukaram
creator: Kale Pratiksha Dattu
creator: Dhamane Kajal Surendra
creator: Bhalke Rasika Dnyandeo
creator: Giri Mahendra Ashok
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Chatur Sneha Nanasaheb, Mate Vaishnavi Tukaram, Kale Pratiksha Dattu, Dhamane Kajal Surendra, Bhalke Rasika Dnyandeo, Giri Mahendra Ashok http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 99
ending page: 104
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1766

Formulation and Evaluation of Spirulina and Charcoal Peel off Mask
type: item
description: The increasing preference for natural and eco-friendly cosmetic products has led to the exploration of bioactive ingredients for skincare applications. the present study aims to formulate and evaluate a peel-off face mask incorporating spirulina and activated charcoal as key functional components. spirulina, a blue-green microalga, is rich in proteins, vitamins, and antioxidants, which contribute to skin nourishment, hydration, and protection against oxidative stress. activated charcoal is well known for its excellent adsorptive properties, enabling effective removal of dirt, toxins, and excess oil from the skin. The peel-off mask was formulated using polyvinyl alcohol as a film-forming agent, along with suitable excipients such as glycerin as a plasticizer, humectants, and preservatives to enhance stability and usability. the prepared formulation was evaluated for various physicochemical parameters including ph, viscosity, spreadability, drying time, and film-forming characteristics. stability studies and skin irritation tests were also conducted to ensure product safety and effectiveness. Herbal spirulina peel-off mask showed satisfactory evaluation tests, spreadability was 9.7, peelability 18 min, goodstability, and no skin irritation. The formulation with skin-friendly pH 5.6 provided effective cleansing, hydration, and nourishment for healthy skin.
creator: Pooja Ganpur
creator: Sakshi Khandagale
creator: Ankita Gupta
creator: Nitish Prasad
creator: Tara Jaiswal
creator: Ojaswi Ghadge
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Pooja Ganpur, Sakshi Khandagale, Ankita Gupta, Nitish Prasad, Tara Jaiswal, Ojaswi Ghadge http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 105
ending page: 109
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1783

Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Face Pack
type: item
description: In recent years, the use of herbal products and natural ingredients has gained worldwide popularity because of their safety and reduced side effects compared to synthetic products. People increasingly prefer herbal medicines and natural cosmetic products for maintaining health and improving skin appearance. Herbal cosmetics are formulations that contain bioactive compounds obtained from medicinal plants and herbs. These herbal ingredients not only enhance the appearance of the skin but also provide essential nutrients required for maintaining healthy skin and improving its biological functions. The present project was undertaken to formulate and evaluate a polyherbal face pack prepared using herbal ingredients for cosmetic purposes. Herbal formulations have emerged as a safer and effective alternative for managing various skin problems without causing harmful effects. Skin conditions such as acne, pimples, blackheads, dark circles, pigmentation, and scars are commonly observed among individuals, especially among young people. According to Ayurveda, many skin disorders occur due to impurities in the blood caused by unhealthy dietary habits and lifestyle choices. The herbal paste known as “Mukha Lepa” has traditionally been used for the treatment and improvement of skin conditions. Different skin types require different formulations to provide proper nourishment and maintain healthy skin. Therefore, herbal face packs can serve as a natural, effective, and economical approach to skin care.
creator: Kale Aishwarya Yuvraj
creator: Namrata S Ghorpade
creator: Alisha N Sayyad
creator: Karishma S Shaikh
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Kale Aishwarya Yuvraj, Namrata S Ghorpade, Alisha N Sayyad, Karishma S Shaikh http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 56
ending page: 64
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1758

Enhancing Furosemide Bioavailability Using Liquisolid Compacts With Mixed Solvency Approach
type: item
description: Objective(s): To study the synergy of using both the Liquisolid Technique and the Mixed Solvency Approach for improving the solubility and oral bioavailability of Furosemide, which is a BCS Class IV drug. Sources: An exhaustive review of literature from the field of pharmacy with regards to liquisolid techniques, mixed solvency approaches, and furosemide pharmacokinetics. Summary: The liquisolid technique helps enhance the dissolution rate by incorporating the active substance molecularly in a non-volatile solvent, sometimes resulting in an amorphous state with high energy levels. On the other hand, the concept of mixed solvency resolves the problem of high doses in normal liquisolid techniques by using a combination of safe solvents to increase the amount of drug in the liquid matrix. Conclusion: Integrated technology offers an efficient and flexible strategy for formulation of high dose oral formulations that dissolve faster than conventional drug forms.
creator: Krutika Magar
creator: Pooja Dalvi
creator: Pragati Gangan
creator: Shreya Jadhav
creator: Sakshi Ghadigaonkar
creator: Jashoda Chaudhary
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Krutika Magar, Pooja Dalvi, Pragati Gangan, Shreya Jadhav, Sakshi Ghadigaonkar, Jashoda Chaudhary http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 1
ending page: 8
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1764

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Mental Health Outcomes in Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
type: item
description: Objectives: To evaluate the prevalence and severity of depression, anxiety, perceived stress, and self-esteem impairment in women with PCOS compared to non-PCOS controls, and to examine the moderating roles of area of residence, physical symptom burden, lifestyle risk factors, and coping strategies on psychological outcomes. Design: Cross-sectional observational study conducted over three months (July–September 2025). Interventions: Administration of four validated psychometric instruments: PHQ-9 (depression), GAD-7 (anxiety), PSS-10 (perceived stress), and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Main Outcome Measures: PHQ-9, GAD-7, PSS-10, and RSES scores categorised by validated severity cut-offs; Composite Vulnerability Index risk tier; physical symptom burden score. Results: Of 300 participants (155 PCOS, 145 non-PCOS; mean age 25.66 ± 3.99 years), 94.8% of PCOS women had clinically significant depression (PHQ-9 ≥10) versus 34.5% of controls; mean PHQ-9 15.89 ± 3.97 versus 6.59 ± 7.24. Clinically significant anxiety affected 86.5% of PCOS versus 31.7% of non-PCOS women (mean GAD-7 12.83 versus 5.43). Low self-esteem was present in 65.8% of PCOS versus 11.7% of controls. Rural PCOS women had the highest mean depression scores (16.36 ± 2.96). Family history of PCOS (80.6% PCOS prevalence), short sleep (≤5 hrs: 89.8%), and high junk food consumption (3–5x/week: 85.6%) were strongly associated with PCOS. Conclusion: PCOS imposes a profound, multi-dimensional psychological burden encompassing depression, anxiety, stress, and low self-esteem, further exacerbated by rural residence and adverse lifestyle factors. Integrated, PCOS-specific mental health screening and psychosocial intervention are urgently required in clinical practice.
creator: Luqman Bin Fahad
creator: Mahreen Ayesha
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Manager AJPRD http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 110
ending page: 117
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1768

Prevalence of Text Neck Syndrome and Smartphone Addiction among Undergraduate Health Sciences Students: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study
type: item
description: Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative approach in modern pharmaceutical sciences, particularly in improving drug delivery system[1,3]. Nanoparticles, due to their unique physicochemical properties, enable targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to specific sites within the body. This thesis explores the principles, types, mechanisms, advantages, limitations, and applications of nanoparticles in targeted drug delivery. Special emphasis is placed on their role in enhancing bioavailability, reducing toxicity, and improving therapeutic efficacy [7,16]. The study also highlights recent advancements and future perspectives in nanomedicine.
creator: Luqman Bin Fahad
creator: Ayesha Mahreen
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Luqman Bin Fahad, Ayesha Mahreen http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
license: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
date: 2026-06-15
publication date: 2026-06-15
volume: 14
number: 3
starting page: 118
ending page: 123
doi: 10.22270/ajprd.v14i3.1770